Cumberland Entertainment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 574 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Cumberland Entertainment Summary of the case: Cumberland Entertainment is a Canadian-based company that had done very well for itself by finding and exploiting a niche market in North American music distribution. But major US clients had started producing their own titles, and were now direct competitors. What was worse, distributors had also started focusing on lower-end products from other suppliers and Cumberlands modus operandi became unsustainable. CEO Tom Smith felt the only sensible course of action was for Cumberland to take over the distribution of its own products, both in order to defend its market position and to ensure higher margins. This movement has been very successful and they have grown a lot. But despite such tremendous expansion, there seemed to be yet more opportunity for growth for Cumberland, so in summer 1999 they are evaluating the possibility to move toward private equity to finance this growth. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cumberland Entertainment" essay for you Create order What do you think of the Cumberland opportunity? As a private equity financier, would you invest in it – why or why not? Positive points: * Management Team: competent and committed * Up to now it’s a successful project * Good business model: they control the distribution, maintain direct relationship with its retailers and are able to know customers’ preferences and adapt their product to it * Opportunity to grow: Organically: new product lines, new distributions channels, increase US market penetration, international markets and internet development * By acquisitions: Cumberland could acquire some of its international distributors, its competitors or some niche production companies whose products would complement those of Cumberland * Forecasts are very positive (but maybe not so realistic? ) Negative Points: It is a business that has had a tremendous and fast expansion exploiting a niche in the market. That may attract competitors to this niche, and it seems th at there are not many barriers of entry to go for this niche * Exit strategy: if the project fails, the investors will be able to get back very little money * The forecast seems to be too optimistic: Net earnings are supposed to grow 50% approx. along the next 4 years, but last year has decreased. It is quite attractive: the business model is good, the management team is performing well and there seem to be opportunities to grow, but this opportunity has also its drawbacks (see negative points). For me it is not a bad opportunity but if I were the investor I wouldn’t consider it as a good enough opportunity to put my money on it. 2. Now shift gear and adopt the Cumberland perspective: To whom should Tom Smith turn for funds: Delvie? Canadian Capital Partners? Others (explain)? The alternatives would be: bank financing (too expensive, 17%), organic growth (can’t reach their goals) or private equity: Regarding the private equity alternatives in exhibit 7: * Canada Bank is less flexible in its role in financing and its type of financing and is a company this opportunity does not seem to fit their usual portfolio * Maple Partners is smaller than the others, there is less info available * Alberta Capital: it could be a possibility, we should investigate whether they are interested Between Delvie and Canadian Capital Partners: Financial terms are quite similar * CCP’s structuring fee is higher (5% vs 3%) * Delvie seems to be less interested * Delvie wants to have 2 members in the board of directors, while CCP wants 3 The conditions of Delvie may be slightly better than the ones of CCP, but I would go for CCP because I think they are more committed and professional.

The Choice by Russell Roberts Example

Essays on The Choice by Russell Roberts Book Report/Review ï » ¿"The Choice" by Russell Roberts This report is based on the work, "The Choice" by Russell Roberts. The work is a product of Prentice Hall Company by 2007 (Roberts v). The author of the work is Russell D. Roberts. Russell is also the writer of The Invisible Heart  published by MIT Press in 2001. In the work, Roberts focuses on international economic issues that face America and the businesses in America. Economists such as David Ricardo are highlighted in the work. These economists influenced the television manufacturing industry (Roberts3-15). It is through the company’s influence that the company managed to import goods for the industry as well as determine what would shape the industry. Through the work, the reader can easily understand the process of international trade, the actors and the impacts of this trade to the daily life. The concept of tariffs and quotas, trade deficits, labor standards and trade agreements are also elaborated in the work (Roberts v-5). In the second chapter on the challenge of external competition, one can easily relate with the authors’ thoughts on how countries and governments have struggled to sustain their economies (Roberts 5-6). This chapter can be linked to that of globalization and whether the same is good for the developing countries. In this case, the reader gets an analytical viewpoint on the discussion on the factors that cause different economic aspects such as inequalities between different countries (Roberts 90-123). One can also decide on the best decisions to make based on different arguments outlined by the authors. Most importantly, is how the author gives detailed facts on the thoughts that he outlines for example in the discussion on the case of free trade and fair trade. The gap between the concepts of international trade and the practical aspects can be easily be bridged bearing in mind the thoughts outlined by the author. In the case that the thoughts of the author are applied in the text, it is expected that America will be a country that will enjoy the fruits of free trade and in the end become self-sufficient (Roberts 86-87). It is also possible to evaluate both the useful and the normative implications of international trade and the policies applied in the trade. Simply put, the author expresses how trade can act as an instrument of change in the general life of humans, especially with the changes in the policy formation and effecting. In as much the work may seem fictional, the facts from the work are outlined in a way that brings out a clear meaning on various economic concepts. The work is indeed useful especially to persons that have an interest in economics. One can learn from the corrections made by Ricardo especially on the economic theories. The misconceptions about the supply and demand factors are explained, the exports and imports and all the factors that have contributed to the failure of the American economy (Roberts 3-28). The book is also practical as it gives a clear insight on the pros and disadvantages of protectionism. However, the work would have been more insightful if the author explained deeper on the â€Å"dumping segment† so as to understand the position of the dumper. Work Cited Roberts, Russell D. The Choice:  A Fable of Free Trade and Protectionism. NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. Print.

The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses Free Essays

The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses Among the numerous passages covered in The Metamorphoses of Ovid, there are many stories regarding the origins of the Earth, the activities of the Roman gods, and some of Rome’s significant rulers and founders. Within each of these stories, Ovid injects an overall idea that can be taken away from the text. Many of these overall ideas are themes and lessons, but also there are arts that are illustrated to the reader such as poetry, singing, or weaving. We will write a custom essay sample on The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses or any similar topic only for you Order Now One idea in particular that Ovid portrays is the art of Rhetoric in Greco-Roman culture. Rhetoric was used in Greco-Roman culture often as a means of putting together words in a certain order to persuade or inform your audience of a specific idea. The two stories regarding the discussion between Ajax and Ulysses over Achilles armor exemplifies the idea of rhetoric. Ovid uses the episodes of Ajax and Ulysses in book thirteen f the Metamorphoses to illustrate to the readers the art of rhetoric. Ovid draws upon previous texts covered in class such as Homer’s Odyssey and Virgil’s Aeneid to form some of his stories in the Metamorphoses. However, Ovid’s style of writing is much different than that of Homer and Virgil. Homer and Virgil both write about post Trojan War events, but from two different perspectives, the Greeks and the Trojans respectively. Despite their difference in perspective, their style is the same in that they both focus on the glorification of war. They both portray violent events vividly and give praise to war heroes. Ovid, on the other hand, talks about certain parts in the Odyssey and the Aeneid that Homer and Virgil did not discuss such as the rescue of Achaemenides, the crewman Ulysses left behind on the island of Polyphemus, in book fourteen. Ovid seems to dismiss the glorification of war and briefly pass over violent scenes or portray them in a different, more comical, manner. Rather Ovid focuses on the arts of Greco-Roman culture. Ovid focuses on stories of Mythology concerning poetry, singing, crafting, and even the art of rhetoric. Rhetoric is â€Å"the study and practice of effective communication,† (Nordquist). There are three types of rhetoric employed: epideictic, judicial, and deliberative. These three branches of rhetoric can be used in various ways to communicate to your audience. Epideictic rhetoric is the commemoration or blame of an individual. Epideictic rhetoric is often used in â€Å"funeral orations, obituaries, graduation and retirement speeches, letters of recommendation, and nominating speeches at political conventions,† (Nordquist). Judicial rhetoric is â€Å"primarily employed by lawyers in trials decided by a judge or jury,† (Nordquist). Deliberative rhetoric is the use of communication to persuade or dissuade an individual or audience of a statement or action. Ovid does not only use the three branches of rhetoric however, he also shows the use of a technique called amplification and minimization through Ajax and Ulysses which is essentially amplifying good qualities and minimizing bad qualities. The technique of amplification and minimization goes hand in hand with deliberative and epideictic rhetoric. Ovid employs all three branches of rhetoric in his stories of Ajax and Ulysses to demonstrate their arguments and to illustrate the art of rhetoric itself. The bulk of Ovid’s illustration of rhetoric is contained within the stories of Ajax and Ulysses in book thirteen. After the Trojan War is over, the Greeks set aside Achilles’ armor and decide, through a debate, who the receiver of the armor will be. The two in debate over the armor are Ajax and Ulysses. Both employ deliberative rhetoric as their means of persuading the audience to decide who will keep the armor, but they also use the other branches as well to strengthen their argument. The discussion between the two as a whole is a deliberative and judicial rhetoric battle, but both make use of epideictic rhetoric to strengthen their positions. Ajax is the first to present his argument. Immediately Ajax makes use of epideictic rhetoric by slandering Ulysses’ actions, â€Å"he was one who did not hesitate to beat retreat when he was forced to face the torches Hector threw, while I withstood those deadly flames: the fleet was only rescued because of me,† (Ovid 427). Ajax gives evidence that Ulysses was a coward by exposing his retreat in the face of Hector. He also uses amplification and minimization to show how detrimental it was that Ulysses fled, and how great it was that Ajax held his position. Ajax then uses another epideictic statement when he brings in his heritage: And even if you were to doubt my courage, it’s I who claim the nobler lineage. I am the son of Telamon, the friend who helped the sturdy Hercules destroy the walls of Troy and, then, in Jason’s ship, sailed off and reached the distant coast of Colchis. And Telamon was born of Aeacus, who is a judge whitin the silent world—precisely in the place where Sisyphus, the son of Aeolus, must struggle with the weight of his great stone; and Aeacus was born of Jove—as Jove himself admits. (Ovid 427-428) Once again Ajax draws upon a feature that will increase his deservingness. Throughout the rest of his presentation, Ajax continually employs epideictic rhetoric to commemorate his actions and defame those of Ulysses. The use of only one dimension of the three branches of rhetoric by Ajax shows that the body of his presentation is insulting Ulysses. This weakens Ajax’s argument, â€Å"Many amateur rhetors think of debate as an ‘us-versus-them’ sort of affair, and that the readers who disagree are the enemy whose inferior arguments must be ground into the dirt. Accordingly, they mistakenly believe that ridiculing or attacking these mistaken beliefs is the most effective way to ‘win’ the argument,† (Wheeler). The constant insults diminish in value in their numerous quantities. Ulysses is fortunate to present after Ajax. Ajax is at a disadvantage because of his eagerness to present first. This gives Ulysses a chance to gather his argument and also turn what Ajax says against him. Ulysses begins in a different manner. Ulysses sets the tone of somberness by recalling Achilles, â€Å"If things had gone as you and I had wished, o Greeks, we would hat ask who should succeed to this extraordinary weaponry; Achilles, you’d still have your arms, and we would still have you,† (Ovid 432). Ulysses uses epideictic rhetoric not to depreciate Ajax’s deeds, but to honor Achilles as one does at a funeral. Soon after Ulysses honors Achilles, he begins to strengthen his image through more epideictic rhetoric just as Ajax did. Ulysses draws upon his own lineage on page 433 claiming to be descendent of not only Jove but Mercury as well. He also minimizes Ajax’s lineage by claiming that one of Ajax’s ancestors was an exiled criminal. Ulysses then moves on to say, â€Å"Just judge by deeds—and deeds alone . . . it’s only one’s worth that weighs,† (Ovid 433). Ulysses defeats Ajax’s argument about his kinship to Achilles, but then claims that the victor should be determined by his actions not his external goods. Aristotle, in Nicomachean Ethics, talks about the importance of external goods, but he says that the goods of the mind (deeds and actions) are more important. So Ulysses goes on to give a myriad of good deeds he has performed such as convincing Achilles to return to battle, going as an ambassador into Troy to try to negotiate the return of Helen, the plan for the Trojan horse, and inciting the warriors and Ajax with courage when they ere on the brink of retreat. As an entirety, Ajax is only able to spill insults and talk down about Ulysses, but Ulysses is able to combat all of Ajax’s insults and turn them against him. Also going second plays into Ulysses’ favor because Ajax has no opportunity for rebuttal whereas Ulysses does. Therefore Ulysses is declared the victor of the argument and wins on the basis of his rhetorical skills. Ovid pays more respect to the battle between two rhetors than he does to two warriors clearly through the great detail he goes into in the discussion between Ulysses and Ajax. Instead of depicting great violent battle scenes, he depicts a great rhetoric argument between two individuals. Ovid briefly touches on the Trojan War itself, but takes great measure in illustrating the use of rhetoric in the discussion after the War. Bibliography Ovid, Metamorphoses Nordquist, Richard. About. com, â€Å"Rhetoric. † Accessed November 28, 2011. http://grammar. about. com/od/rs/g/rhetoricterm. htm. Wheeler, Dr. L. Kip. â€Å"Rhetoric. † Last modified September 26,2011. Accessed November 28, 2011. http://web. cn. edu/kwheeler/resource_rhet. html. How to cite The Art of Rhetoric in the Metamorphoses, Papers

Law and Land Reform-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Compare Ethiopian land reform law critically to South African land reform law. Answer: Introduction The present report deals with the comparison of Ethiopian law with South African land reform law for assessing both of them in a critical manner. The report initiates with a basic background of both the laws for developing an appropriate base. An overview of most high-flying legislation which specifies the overall content for the policy of racially based bifurcation of land. Further, the discussion relating to the measures, policies and steps which have been taken for abolishing these racially based laws has been provided in detail. Extreme inventive and pro- poor laws have been accepted by African Countries, though they lack in implementing the same in an effective manner[1]. Ethiopia had provided certificates relating to land for over twenty million plots, but the same was not succeeding in term of cost. Though, the same if assessed on the term of other grounds such as not biased against poor for increasing the sustainability and effectiveness of same. Lastly, the main objective o f this report is to provide a comparison of both the law so that the transformations and resemblances between them can be understood in an appropriate manner. Background Land reform is not only another social relocate of through which citizen receives government largesse. The projects relating to land reform should be appropriately related to the vulnerability present in the society and proper development of resources for enhancing the aptitude of existing autonomy[2]. In 1913, Land Act was presented in South Africa through which development of new farming operation was disallowed, and the same provision comprises which denies sharecropping or cash rentals by black outside the available reserves. In the year 1991, after a long struggle by African National Congress revoke various apartheid rules relating to Native Land Act, Population Registration Act. The main emphasis was made through these measures that no one could claim right to land on the basis of race[3]. On the other aspect, the northern region of Ethiopia communal system in the form of ownership was available as racist. In accordance of same, an individual owner was entitled to share and utilise the plot of land available with family. Further, it was not allowed to sell off the piece of land by the user to a person outside the family for a mortgage or as a gift. As the piece of land was available to the group and not to an individual person. In initiating years of 1950, an attempt was made by the government to develop the agriculture land through the availability of large tracts of grazing land to big corporations so that the same could be converted into commercial farms[4]. The attempt was not succeeded due to the insecurity of tenure and payment of high rents which killed the peasants incentives relating to improvement of production. Provision And Laws Of Ethiopia And South African Land Reform Legislation: In 1984 Workers Party of Ethiopia was developed by Congress with the aim of accomplishing the requirement relating coordinated socialist principles with a base of enhancing agricultural development. During the years between 1978 to 1981, a series of proclamations and directives were issued for the formation of service cooperatives and producers cooperatives. The producers cooperatives alleviated the shortage of inputs and the issues relating to the development of landholdings. The powers and function relating to Federal and Regional Government have been specified in FDRE Constitution. Thus, the power relating to the application of the law for the purpose of utilisation and conservation of land and other natural resources have been provided under the constitution by Federal Government. On the contrary, the new generation of land policies in Africa specifies innovation in comparison to it predecessors. The initial democratic government was established in the country devastated through extensive levels of poverty, worsening unemployment problem and extreme inequalities of income. In 1994, RDP was introduced with an objective of removing the legacies relating to the distribution of land on the basis of race. The main areas on which the same focused comprised restitution, land reform and land redistribution. An effort was made by the government to purchase the land from individual and provide the same back to the willing buyer in order to continue public confidence in the land market. Though, it was a tough task for implementing the same as it was noticed by many of the owners that a large quantum of land which was bought was not relating to the decision made at the beginning of purchase and negotiation. But, in Ethiopia, a variety of constitutions enshrine the major principles relating to land relation and the same were further implemented by legislation[5]. Land tenure in South Africa is usually specified as either customary or statutory. In the case of customary, it is mainly specified as majorly unwritten nature on the basis of local practices and norms and is negotiable, flexible and area specific. Further, the principles of same are organised through first clearance of land which involves village chief and traditional rulers for finalisation of same. The major characteristic of the feature is that the system is not static and the same is affected by diverse factors such as cultural interactions, political progress, etc. on a continuing basis. Another system i.e. statutory is based on the available regulations and laws, on the basis of decision and judgement of judicial. In this system, the rights relating to land are allocated through the issuance of titles or another method of registration of membership. A major change has been observed in customary law both contract form as well as interference of government in independence. It wa s observed that a variety of customary, statutory and hybrid institutions and regulations existed in the same territory but no hierarchy in same was available in the structures which created confusion and foster which tenures insecurity. Lastly, the institutional channel was accepted by the parties relating to land issues for resolving the same as it was felt to be likely more favourable comparatively. New Wave Of Land Tenure Reforms In Africa And Ethiopia The new generation of land policies presents important innovation in comparison to its predecessors. The initiate of same can be said with registrable or protected rights i.e. efficient attempt has been made to include all the land right in the records. Even customary land rights have been protected which were not available in systematic land registration and title programmes of past[6]. The same provisions have been provided in section 13 (2) of the land act. Another change was observed relating to right holder titles i.e. the titles were issued not only to individuals but jointly to their families. The issuance of land titles to the communities was provided in Mozambiques land Law 1997.[7] Even the responsibilities relating to registration of land titling have been provided to decentralised bodies such as District Land Boards, Communal Boards, etc. Further, the state control over land remained as trusteeship or ownership in Africa but allowed and promoted land transfer for empowering the land rights of foreign investors. An Even attempt was made to increase the tenure relating to the security of African farmers with the registration of proprietary and relating rights. The interim protection land right act 1997 was established in order to protect the farmers from eviction pending from far-reach legislation. On the contrary, in Ethiopia, a major form of tenure was guilt in which the ownership rights were acquired from the monarch who were authorised to make land grants. The owners received tribute from the owner till 1966, and after that, the rights relating to same were contradicted[8]. Further, in 1976, farmers were motivated by the government for forming cooperatives between 1978 and 1981. For making the same effect in an efficient manner a series of proclamation and directives outlining the procedure relating to formation and management of producers cooperatives. The main emphasis was made that farmers could easily alleviate the shortage relating to input and associate the problems relating to fragmentation of land holdings. In 1985, the government started a new relocation program which was specified as villagization. 8 aim of the program was to group scattered communities throughout the country into small villages. Through making efficient efforts, the government succeeded in reloca ting approximately 13 million people till the year 1989. From above analysis of both the provision of land reform, it can be concluded that government, as well as appropriate authorities, were efficiently making efforts to remove the evils and weakness from the existing system. The same effort was made so that people can live an easy and happy life[9]. However, the methods applied by them were quite different from each other. As in the case of Africa, they a variety of land laws were established from time to time so that the land does not get allocated on the basis of racism. On the other hand, in Ethiopia emphasised on resolving issues relating to land through development of corporations and villagization. Though, it is a fact that the method applied was criticised and lack of sources doomed the plan to failure. In Africa, practices focused on land tenure society and the same was developed at field level[10]. Even these practises were recognised by policies and laws. A high amount issues were also dealt by the farmers relating to land tit ling and African farmer resorted to informal for accessing the security relating to land rights. The methods applied in Africa were far better comparatively as granting them clearer legal backing and disseminating contract models. By applying the same with essential clauses, they were succeeded in increasing their effectiveness. Present Position Regarding Ownership The South African government made efficient efforts for removing inequalities, and injustices practices applied in the past and initiated comprehensive land reforms. The specified constitutes mainly three pillars i.e. restitution; land redistribution and tenure security. It has been stated in section 25 (7) of Constitution than: A person or community dispossessed property or land after 19th June 1912 due to the past racially discriminatory law is entitled to the extent specified by the Act of Parliament so that the same could be equitable redressed. Further section 25(6) provides legal security or comparable redress to persons whose existing land is insecure due to past racial discriminatory law and provisions. The White Paper on Land Policy was the outcome of an extensive process of public consultation. It provides details relating to general information as well as detailed information on state financial assistance programme which will assist maximum people to own land. A major emphasis has been made on translating governments commitment to social justice and alleviation of property and legislation procedures relating to land development[11]. The Bill of Rights in Act guarantees existing property rights as well as places the state under a constitutional obligation for taking appropriate steps so that the citizens can easily gain the equitable access to land and promote the security of tenure to those who were disposed of property after 19th June 1913 due to past discriminatory laws[12]. On the contrary, no such independence regarding property ownership is available in Ethiopia. As when one assesses the land ownership; land belongs to the state and people are not allowed to sale and exchange on an independent basis. The observance of the situation depicts that is pointless to classify the land paradigms in Ethiopia from independent ownership perspectives[13]. The details regarding private plots have been not appropriately provided, but it has been assessed that it had been made available for the purpose for farming and housing in Highlands. In an urban area, rights are available to acquire land through lease or government grant, and the same is deemed as private possession. The scenario is completely dissimilar in the case of South Africa, as the government has taken efficient efforts and steps to heal the wounds relating to discriminatory policies of past in an ordered manner. In any situation, rather than considerably succeeding in restitution the grossly inequitable distribution of ownership can only be majorly transformed through redistribution. It has been provided in section 25 (5) of the Constitution which specifies Reasonable legislative and other measures should be taken within available resources to enable citizens to acquire land on an equitable basis. The implications for land holding are available for both citizens as well as non-citizens[14]. Further, these proposal policies have not been for shredding the freehold rights in land. It has been specified that in accordance with national political direction, some countries do not accommodate private land ownership; thus the same would be precluded as foreigners from land ownership and the dis tinction on same is not based on nationality considerations[15]. In summarised way, it can be said that South Africa continues to exercise freehold rights over land and ensure the protection of prime and unique agriculture land. Expropriation In South Africa, it means to withdraw the owner of the property from the public use of the property. It has been specified in section 25 of South Africas Constitutions that government can take property from its owner to achieve land reform or due to any other reason relating to public interest[16]. Further, it has also been specified in the same section that the owner of the property is having the right to receive just and equitable compensation for the property that has been withdrawn. The amount of consideration which is to be paid is calculated in accordance with the manner as the same would have received in case the property would have been sold in open market to a willing buyer[17]. In Ethiopia, expropriation has the same meaning. The FDRE constitution of Ethiopia specifies that in the event of expropriation of land for the purpose of public activities , holder of the property will have right to receive compensation on a fair basis. Presently, a large amount of land has been expropriated for road expansion, redevelopment and other public use. In case the property has no value than the same is measured on the basis of replacement cost[18]. It is being criticised that the practices followed for the purpose of evaluating compensation does not reflect fair market value and does not provide constitutional guarantee relating to land rights. Conclusion An elaborate examination relating to the manner of distribution of land, title registration and ownership rights relating to South Africa and Ethiopia has been provided in above report. Thus, the same depicts that inequality in the distribution of land and existence of inappropriate ownership right is comparatively higher in Ethiopia. It has also been observed that presently South Africa has skewed land ownership majorly and disadvantage which was faced due to same reason was they do not own excessive agriculture land. The same issues were resolved by RDP and White Paper on South African Land Policy, 1997 and the same were finally endorsed by the Constitution. The challenges and obstacles which were experienced in the past represent that there are no silver bullets to resolve post-colonial land queries. Further, application of the appropriate system is necessary for resolving and addressing challenges such land reform and the same is reflected in above report. Biblography Anaafo, David. "Land reforms and land rights change: A case study of land stressed groups in the Nkoranza South Municipality, Ghana." Land Use Policy 42 (2015): 538-546. Barrett, George, Shirley Brooks, Jenny Josefsson, and Nqobile Zulu, eds. The Changing Face of Land and Conservation in Post-colonial Africa: Old Land, New Practices?. Routledge, 2016. Belay, Solomon, Aklilu Amsalu, and Eyualem Abebe. "Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Awash National Park, Ethiopia: Impact of Decentralization on the Use and Management of Resources." Open Journal of Ecology 4, no. 15 (2014): 950. Bezabih, Mintewab, Stein Holden, and Andrea Mannberg. "The Role of Land Certification in Reducing Gaps in Productivity between Male-and Female-Owned Farms in Rural Ethiopia." The Journal of Development Studies 52, no. 3 (2016): 360-376. Bruce, John W. "The variety of reform: a review of recent experience with land reform and the reform of land tenure, with particular reference to the African experience." Occasional Paper 9 (2014): 13-56. Byamugisha, Frank FK, ed. Agricultural land redistribution and land administration in sub-Saharan Africa: case studies of recent reforms. World Bank Publications, 2014. Byamugisha, Frank FK. Securing Africa's land for shared prosperity: a program to scale Up reforms and investments. World Bank Publications, 2013. Fessha, Yonatan Tesfaye. Ethnic diversity and federalism: Constitution making in South Africa and Ethiopia. Routledge, 2016. Hall, Ruth, Ian Scoones, and Dzodzi Tsikata. Africa's land rush: rural livelihoods and agrarian change. James Currey, 2015. Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, and Ousman Gajigo. "Strengthening economic rights and womens occupational choice: the impact of reforming Ethiopias family law." World Development 70 (2015): 260-273. Holden, Stein, Keijiro Otsuka, and Klaus Deininger, eds. Land tenure reform in Asia and Africa: assessing impacts on poverty and natural resource management. Springer, 2013. Keeley, James, and Ian Scoones. Understanding environmental policy processes: Cases from Africa. Routledge, 2014. Kindu, Mengistie, Thomas Schneider, Demel Teketay, and Thomas Knoke. "Drivers of land use/land cover changes in Munessa-Shashemene landscape of the south-central highlands of Ethiopia." Environmental monitoring and assessment 187, no. 7 (2015): 452. Land reform Policy DIscussion Document. [PDF]. Available through https:/ land proposals of South Africa/ june. Accessed on [18th June 2017]. (2012) Lawry, Steven, Cyrus Samii, Ruth Hall, Aaron Leopold, Donna Hornby, and Farai Mtero. "The impact of land property rights interventions on investment and agricultural productivity in developing countries: a systematic review." Journal of Development Effectiveness 9, no. 1 (2017): 61-81. Menon, Nidhiya, Yana Rodgers, and Alexis R. Kennedy. "Land Reform and Welfare in Vietnam: Why Gender of the Land?Rights Holder Matters." Journal of International Development (2016). Ngaido, Tidiane. "Reforming land rights in Africa." (2016). White Paper on South African Land Policy 1997. Department of Land Affairs. [PDF]. Available Through https://intranet. ruraldevelopment .gov.za/ enure reform/ newpage. [Accessed on 18th June 2017]. (2010) Anaafo, David. "Land reforms and land rights change: A case study of land stressed groups in the Nkoranza South Municipality, Ghana." Land Use Policy 42 (2015): 538-546. Barrett, George, Shirley Brooks, Jenny Josefsson, and Nqobile Zulu, eds. The Changing Face of Land and Conservation in Post-colonial Africa: Old Land, New Practices?. Belay, Solomon, Aklilu Amsalu, and Eyualem Abebe. "Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Awash National Park, Ethiopia: Impact of Decentralization on the Use and Management of Resources." Open Journal of Ecology 4, no. 15 (2014): 950. Bezabih, Mintewab, Stein Holden, and Andrea Mannberg. "The Role of Land Certification in Reducing Gaps in Productivity between Male-and Female-Owned Farms in Rural Ethiopia." The Journal of Development Studies 52, no. 3 (2016): 360-376. Bruce, John W. "The variety of reform: a review of recent experience with land reform and the reform of land tenure, with particular reference to the African experience." Occasional Paper 9 (2014): 13-56. Byamugisha, Frank FK, ed. Agricultural land redistribution and land administration in sub-Saharan Africa: case studies of recent reforms. World Bank Publications, 2014. Byamugisha, Frank FK. Securing Africa's land for shared prosperity: a program to scale Up reforms and investments. World Bank Publications, 2013. Fessha, Yonatan Tesfaye. Ethnic diversity and federalism: Constitution making in South Africa and Ethiopia. Routledge, 2016. Hall, Ruth, Ian Scoones, and Dzodzi Tsikata. Africa's land rush: rural livelihoods and agrarian change. James Currey, 2015. Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, and Ousman Gajigo. "Strengthening economic rights and womens occupational choice: the impact of reforming Ethiopias family law." World Development 70 (2015): 260-273. Holden, Stein, Keijiro Otsuka, and Klaus Deininger, eds. Land tenure reform in Asia and Africa: assessing impacts on poverty and natural resource management. Springer, 2013. Keeley, James, and Ian Scoones. Understanding environmental policy processes: Cases from Africa. Routledge, 2014. Kindu, Mengistie, Thomas Schneider, Demel Teketay, and Thomas Knoke. "Drivers of land use/land cover changes in Munessa-Shashemene landscape of the south-central highlands of Ethiopia." Environmental monitoring and assessment 187, no. 7 (2015): 452. Land reform Policy DIscussion Document. [PDF]. Available through https:/ land proposals of South Africa/ june. Accessed on [18th June 2017]. (2012) Lawry, Steven, Cyrus Samii, Ruth Hall, Aaron Leopold, Donna Hornby, and Farai Mtero. "The impact of land property rights interventions on investment and agricultural productivity in developing countries: a systematic review." Journal of Development Effectiveness 9, no. 1 (2017): 61-81. Menon, Nidhiya, Yana Rodgers, and Alexis R. Kennedy. "Land Reform and Welfare in Vietnam: Why Gender of the Land?Rights Holder Matters." Journal of International Development (2016). Ngaido, Tidiane. "Reforming land rights in Africa." (2016). White Paper on South African Land Policy 1997. Department of Land Affairs. [PDF]. Available Through https://intranet. ruraldevelopment .gov.za/ enure reform/ newpage. [Accessed on 18th June 2017]. (2010)